![]() ![]() Two-dimensional operator matrix Hamiltonians are common in the literature and describe many types of quantum systems. ![]() This equation is based on a two dimensional operator matrix Hamiltonian. Later it was shown that the Pauli equation is a low-velocity limit of the relativistic Dirac equation (see for example and references therein). This was supported by Einstein and Bohm has resulted in different understandings of quantum mechanics among them the fluid realization championed by Madelung which stated that the modulus square of the wave function is a fluid density and the phase is a potential of the velocity field of the fluid.Ī non-relativistic quantum equation for a spinor was first introduced by Wolfgang Pauli in 1927, this was motivated by the need to explain the Stern–Gerlach experiments. According to this approach the wave function is an element of reality much like an electromagnetic field. This school believes in the ontological existence of the wave function. However, we also see the development of another approach of prominent scholars that think about quantum mechanics differently. This approach objects to the physical reality of the quantum wave function and declares it to be epistemological (a tool for estimating probability of measurements) in accordance with the Kantian depiction of reality, and its denial of the human ability to grasp any thing in its reality (ontology). Quantum mechanics is usually interpreted by the Copenhagen approach. ![]()
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